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October 2016 - A Closer Look At The Moon

Report #20 - September 2016

Origin of Earth's H₂O

 

For a long time, because of newborn Earth's very hot surface, which would have evaporated any surface water, it's been widely excepted that Earth got its water from icy comets and asteroids falling on its cool surface. However, what if that weren't the case? What if Earth stored that surface water deep beneath its surface rather than evaporating it? This may seem like a trivial question, but here's why this theory could be feasible. 

An image taken from the International Space Station of the sun setting above the Pacific Ocean. 

An image of the vast Atlantic Ocean. 

A recent study conducted by Lydia Hallis, a planetary scientist at the University of Glasgow, and colleages shows evidence to support the theory that water was in fact stored in molten lava in our planet's mantle and had eventually resurfaced. In this study, rocks from Iceland and Baffin Island were analyzed, for it is there where, to this very day, the resulting lava from 4.5 billion years ago when the Earth was formed would "spew" to the surface from within our planet's mantle, creating geologically realistic conditions of when the Earth was born. Within the material of these rocks and the "plumes" of molten rock, water desposits were analyzed for their hydrogen signature by measuring the ratio between two different hydrogens: the "regular" hydrogen that is in the water we drink and another kind that makes up heavy water, Deuterium. 

Icy Comets vs. the Ocean

An image of the Pacfic Ocean (Taken by Zaretti on DevianArt)

An artist's impression of an icy comet whizzing by in space. 

After gathering the Deuterium-to-Hydrogen (D/H) ratios of a handful of comets, it was observed that, with all its heavy water, the D/H ratio of a comet is significantly larger than our planet's ocean, making it unlikely that the Earth's wetness is the result of a shower, or "collision" of icy comets. 

Premordial Lava vs. the Ocean

While an icy comet may have a large D/H ratio, premordial lava has a low D/H ratio, even lower than Earth's ocean! This lines up with the theory that newborn Earth retained its water because, billions of years ago, when the solar system was nothing but a spinning whirpool of gas and water around the sun, all that heavy water was "flung" to the "outer reaches." 

How Was Earth's Water Retained?

Good question. The theory is that, when the disk of dust (water and gas) slowly came together to form Earth, our planet was extremely hot. However, instead of the water evaporating from its surface, it's believed that Earth housed this water deep below its surface in an underground reservoir near its mantle. Once the crust cooled and hardened, the water in the reservoir seeped out through volcanic vents, like Iceland's lava fields, in the form of steam. Rising, this steam later condensed and fell down as rain once Earth's atmosphere moistened. According to Hallis, geologically speaking, it would not have taken long for the Earth to transition from a dry surface to a wet one. So, if premordial lava has a lower D/H ratio than the ocean, then how did Earth's water come to have a higher ratio than the water from the lava it come from? To answer this, Hallis believes that, overtime, "heavy water-rich" comets and asteroids did collide with Earth to increase the D/H ratio of the ocean. In addition, the solar wind, a stream of particles (protons and electrons) that shoot from the Sun's atmosphere and can fling away molecules (ions) from a planet's upper atmosphere, is largely credited to "whisking away" water vapor that contains "regular" hydrogen because it's easier to "blow away." 

An artist's interpretation of newborn Earth.

A Difficult Theory to Prove

One reason why this theory would be difficult to prove is because no one knows how much water can be housed in the Earth's lower mantle because such hot and high-pressure conditions are hard to replicate in the lab. Is is also unclear as to how much water Earth carried on its surface in the first place and how many comets and asteriods have hit it since, making it hard to confirm the change of the D/H ratio. 

A Significant Theory 

According to Jonti Horner, an astrobiologist at the University of Southern Queensland in Toowoomba, "If water does turn out to be a natural part of planetary birth, rather than due to a few lucky comet strikes, that increases the odds of life occuring elsewhere in the universe."

 

 

 

 

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